Introduction
According to a report issued by the United
Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in 2019, there is an increase in emissions
and energy use caused by buildings and the construction sector. It is
calculated that the building and construction industry contributed to 36% of
final energy use and 39% of energy and process-related carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions in 2018. Global buildings sector emission itself rose 2% from 2017 to
2018. Even worse, it is predicted that the construction industry sector will be
responsible for the devastation of wildlife and natural habitats on over 70% of
the Earth’s land surface by 2032.
Green Building Concept
As a response to those massive developments, a
green revolution is initiated in the building sector namely green building. This
new method of building development is not merely concerned about building
methods, but also considers the energy used and wasted during the process, as
well as health and productive aspects. In short, green building aims to
minimize the hazardous impacts of buildings on humans and the environment.
Thus, a vast method of measuring the greenness of building has been started in the 1990s, in particular by construction and property sectors. This measurement is not only focusing on new buildings but also existing buildings, as a recognition of the (hazardous) impact to the environment they may create from their activities.
Ministry of Public Works and Housing is very well aware about above concern and is eager to participate in implementing green building concept into the development of infrastructure by publishing a role about guidance in green building practice in Indonesia namely Ministerial Regulation of Public Works and Housing 02/PRT/M/2015 which later was updated into 21/2021. This regulation is being implemented by most of the unit organisations, in particular related to building construction, including Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure.
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure in a Brief
In July 2018, The Ministry of Public Works and Housing received a mandate from the President of Indonesia to build strategic infrastructure in order to improve human resources by reconstructing and building primary public facilities such as schools, universities, traditional markets, as well as sport venues across Indonesia. Thus, in 2019, a new working organisation was born namely Center for the Development of Educational, Sports, and Traditional Markets (Pusat Pengembangan Sarana Prasarana Pendidikan, Olahraga dan Pasar) which was responsible to organized aforementioned tasks. This organisation was later evolved into a bigger institution namely Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure in 2020.
The
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure is responsible for doing directive
tasks related to education, traditional market, and sports venue to ensure that
all the developments related to those fields are designed based on building
regulation. Thus, all the infrastructure built can meet the four important
aspects related to building namely health, convenience, accessibility, and
safety. Moreover, this institution is also commanded to help other institutions
execute their unfinished and abandoned buildings so that they can be used and
function as to how they are designed to be.
The adoption of Green Building
The Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure is
actively adopting the concept of green building since 2019. According to the
Ministerial Regulation of Public Works and Housing 02/PRT/M/2015 and 21/2021,
all the buildings financed by the government above 5000 m2 are
obliged to implement the concept of green building. In short, green building is
defined as a concept which measure every aspect of building construction such as energy, water, and other resources. The main idea of this concept is
to reduce resource consumption (land, material, water, nature and human
resources, waste), as well as to recycle as much as possible which is assessed
based on each construction phase, starting from planning, construction, usage,
and deconstruction. The assessment resulted in green building certification
which is classified into three levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced.
The
benefits of Green Building
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure optimist that
implementing this concept will be the new future agenda as an attempt to reduce
GreenHouse Gas emission due to several reasons:
1. Energy efficiency
Green building method aims to use energy in an
efficient way through several actions such as the consideration of building
orientation in designing natural lighting and air cooling, as well as using
renewable materials as much as possible. As a consequence, less emission is
being emitted due to efficiency on each energy source. For instance, by
maximising the use of natural air cooling, the building will no longer need a
bunch of air conditioning which potentially emits over volume of
chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) from its freon which can harm the ozone layer and
slowly increase the heat temperature on earth.
2. Water efficiency
Not only energy, green building also concerns
about the use of water consumption and attempts to minimize the use of water as
much as possible by recycling used water for other purposes such as for
flushing or gardening. Therefore, not so much water is wasted and the use of
groundwater can be minimized as much as possible.
3. Less cost on operational and maintenance
The ability to maximize the use of energy and
water to achieve resources efficiency as mentioned in points 1 and 2 leads to
the low cost of operation and maintenance of the building. It happens due to
not so much energy and water being used in the designed area. The lower
quantity of energy and water material is used, the cheaper cost for operation
and maintenance is required.
4. Environmental issue
Materials prefered to use in green building
are materials that have a green certificate so it can assure that no material
can harm the environment. For instance, the paint used has an ecolabel so it
does not emit hazardous substances. Moreover, material used in building
construction is prefered from nearby distributors so that the CO2
emitted during transporting the material could be eliminated.
5. Do less on waste and do more on recycling
Green building concept emphasizes the importance of using recycled material in order to reduce the waste produced during the construction process. Furthermore, waste management is also being emphasized to ensure that the waste produced by human activity once the construction is done is well managed and can be recycled. For instance, separated waste bins should be provided in the area so that people are able to actively separate their waste based on each category.
Sukowati Traditional Market (Block A and B) which has been assessed by the experts in implementing green building concept
Currently, the Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure is implementing the green building concept at the first and second phase of the construction process. For the former stage, the indicators used are site management, energy and water efficiency, indoor air quality, recycled material, waste and wastewater management. At the later stage, the parameters used are confirming the fulfillment of indicators used at the planning stage, the process of green construction, green behavior practice and green supply chain.
Later, the implementation of the green
building concept on each construction stage is then being assessed by green
building experts to prove that the implementation is well conducted based on
the guideline. As a result, the Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure
publishes a letter of statement which states that the assessed project is
qualified into a certain category (beginner, intermediate, or advanced). This
statement letter can be used by the local government to publish a green
building certificate. All the projects that have been assessed and its
certification result can be seen on the below table.
Table 1. Projects adopting green building concept in Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure
|
Province |
Project |
Green Building Stage |
|
|
Planning |
Construction |
||
|
Adopting Ministerial Regulation of
Public Works and Housing 02/PRT/M/2015 |
|||
|
North Sumatra |
Pariaman Traditional Market |
Intermediate |
|
|
Bali |
Sukawati Traditional Market (Block A and
B) |
Beginner |
Intermediate |
|
Sukawati Traditional Market (Block C) |
Intermediate |
|
|
|
NTB |
Renteng Traditional Market |
Beginner |
Beginner |
|
Gorontalo |
Central Gorontalo Traditional Market |
Beginner |
|
|
Central Java |
Legi Surakarta Traditional Market |
Beginner |
|
|
Kaliwungu Kendal Traditional Market |
Intermediate |
|
|
|
East Klewer Traditional Market |
Beginner |
|
|
|
East Java |
Legi Ponorogo Traditional Market |
Advanced |
Intermediate |
|
Pon Trenggalek Traditional Market |
Intermediate |
In progress |
|
|
Auditorium Brawijaya University |
Advanced |
|
|
|
West Papua |
Thumburuni Traditional Market |
Beginner |
|
|
Central Kalimantan |
IAIN Palangkaraya |
Beginner |
|
|
South Sulawesi |
Tempe Sengkang Wajo Traditional Market |
Advance |
|
|
Adopting (updated) Ministerial
Regulation of Public Works and Housing 21/2021 |
|||
|
Central Java |
Gede Klaten Traditional Market |
On progress |
|
|
DKI Jakarta |
§ Indoor Multifunction
Stadium § Cibubur Youth Sport Center |
On progress |
|
|
West Java |
Fasilitas Pemusatan Latihan Atletik Pangalengan |
On progress |
|
Design concept of Indoor Multifunction Stadium which adopt green building concept at its earliest stage
Building Information Modelling
The concept of industrial revolution 4.0 was first introduced in 2011 in an industrial exhibition in Germany and world wide recognized since then. This concept is introducing the new use of the Internet as Internet of Things (IoT), not merely as a browser machine, but also can be used as a communication tool in almost all factors related to human activity.
Industrial revolution 4.0 is also being adopted in building development by the invention of Building Information Modelling (BIM). In short, this concept allows contractors and other parties to identify the construction in the earliest stage of construction (planning phase) using 3D technology virtual reality before it is implemented in the construction stage.
Before the invention of BIM, the conventional method of construction led to the uncertainty of material volume which affected the waste material at the end of the project, inapplicable planning documents, clashes that appeared between each aspect of construction during the construction stage and unorganized documents once the construction was done.
The benefit of using BIM in the construction
phase is that contractors are able to detect the possible clash at the earliest
point and define accurate material volume to minimize waste material, as well
as to shorten the construction method compared to if it is built using conventional
methods.
Clash detection of the roof structure in Renteng Traditional
Market indicates the inconsistency of planning design which could lead to
failure construction
The adoption of Building Information Modelling
As a response to this new concept, and in
order to adopt BIM in building infrastructure in Indonesia, the government
formulated regulation 16/2021 which states that buildings with an area larger
than 2000 m2 and have high complexity are required to implement
Building Information Modelling.
The first pilot project held by Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure was running in 2018 by building Bukittinggi traditional market in North Sumatra, followed by Pariaman market in the same province, Sukowati (Block A, B, and C) in Bali, Renteng market in Nusa Tenggara Barat, Legi market in Surakarta and Banyumas market (both located in Central Java), Legi Ponorogo market in East Java, Thumburuni market in West Papua and Mardika market in Maluku.
Pilot project of BIM implementation in Pariaman traditional market, North Sumatra
Aside of developing local markets, Directorate
of Strategic Infrastructure also implements BIM in other projects such as
renovating sport center in Gelora Bung Karno in Jakarta and Manahan Stadion in
Solo, as well as the development of Aquatic Arena and Istora Papua Bangkit
which is prepared to held the ceremony of PON XX Papua event. At current,
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure is also running other projects at
planning stage related to sport in collaboration with Ministry of Youth and
Sports namely Cibubur Youth Sport Center, Fasilitas Pemusatan Latihan Nasional
(Pelatnas) Atletik in Pangalengan, and Indoor Multifunction Stadium (IMS) which
is designed to held International Basketball Competition in 2023.
The implementation of BIM technology in Istora Papua Bangkit
Even more, the implementation of BIM Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure
also can be found in other projects related to education such as the building
of of Gedung Pusat Kegiatan Mahasiswa Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama (UNU)
Yogyakarta, in which BIM is being implemented in all stages of construction and
is the first project that is announced online for tender using BIM
construction.
The Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure fully understands that the benefit of using BIM is so impactful to accelerate the construction phase that it is also being implemented in other projects regardless that the size of the area is below 2000m2 as required in PP 16/2021. The pilot project of the implementation of BIM for this case is being held to rebuild school buildings which have been destroyed due to disaster in West Sulawesi province.
The Correlation between BIM and GreenHouse Gas
Emission Reduction
The implementation of BIM in construction
might be challenging due to several reasons such as the lack of expert in this
field or the pricey software used to operate this modeling. Regardless, the
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure optimists that implementing BIM is also
a big step taken to reduce GreenHouse Gas emitted from building construction.
Therefore, BIM implementation will surely be found in the next projects held by
Directorate of Strategic Infrastructure years ahead due to below reasons:
1. Support sustainable construction
The use of BIM ensures that the building
construction is designed precisely and accurately from the earliest stage by
identifying and calculating material used, material volume, and each step of
the construction stage in an accurate form. Therefore, mistakes occurred during
the construction process might be avoided such as material waste or overtime
heavy equipment used during construction.
2. Measurable operational and maintenance
The use of BIM technology is also able to
provide a simulation on each material used and the energy required on each
material so that the user is able to have a comprehensive overview regarding
which material is most energy efficient and applicable to be implemented in the
construction process. The possibility of doing energy efficiency leads to
another attempt on reducing GHG emission. In addition, the implementation of
BIM means that unused activity with no added value could be avoided.
Author:
Reniati
Utami
TBP Ahli
Muda at Ministry of Public Works and Housing
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